Our Chemicals
Browse our range of industrial and specialty chemicals
Showing 206 products
Caustic Soda Flakes
Caustic soda flakes (CAS 1310-73-2) are sodium hydroxide in thin flake form at 99 percent minimum. The large surface area dissolves fast, but it also makes the flakes dusty and quick to absorb atmospheric moisture.
EIOS T2-U Electrical Insulating Oil
EIOS T2-U is an uninhibited electrical insulating oil. It contains no added synthetic antioxidant, relying instead on the natural inhibitors left by refining, which suits transformers specified to that tradition.
EIOS T2-HI Electrical Insulating Oil
EIOS T2-HI is a high-grade inhibited electrical insulating oil, carrying an added synthetic antioxidant. The inhibitor extends oxidation life substantially, but it is consumed over time and must be monitored.
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride
Caprylic/capric triglyceride (CAS 65381-09-1) is a light emollient ester made by recombining fractionated C8 and C10 fatty acids with glycerol. It has the feel of an oil but none of a natural oil's tendency to go rancid.
Glycol Distearate
Glycol distearate (CAS 627-83-8, INCI Glycol Distearate) is the pearlising agent that gives shampoos and body washes their opalescent shimmer. The effect comes from crystals that form as the product cools, not from any added pigment.
Polyglycerol Fatty Acid Esters (PGFEs)
Polyglycerol fatty acid esters are non-ionic emulsifiers made by esterifying polymerised glycerol with fatty acids. They cover a wide HLB range without any ethoxylation, which is why they are the usual choice for PEG-free formulation.
Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate (SMCT)
Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate (CAS 61791-42-2) is a taurine-based anionic surfactant, known as SMCT. It foams richly even in hard water, where soap and many sulfates fail, and remains mild across a wide pH range.
Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate
Sodium lauroyl glutamate (CAS 29923-31-7) is an anionic surfactant built from glutamic acid and coconut-derived lauric acid. Because it works at skin-compatible pH rather than requiring alkalinity, it is markedly milder than soap.
Cocamide DEA (CDEA)
Cocamide DEA (CAS 68603-42-9) is a non-ionic foam booster and thickener made from coconut fatty acids and diethanolamine. Its regulatory position varies by market, so permitted status should be confirmed before it is specified.
Cocamide MEA (CMEA)
Cocamide MEA (CAS 68140-00-1) is a non-ionic foam booster made from coconut fatty acids and monoethanolamine. Supplied as a waxy solid rather than a liquid, it gives a creamier lather than the DEA type and avoids its regulatory baggage.
Mineral Oil
Mineral oil is a highly refined petroleum distillate stripped of aromatics and unsaturates. White oil grades meet pharmacopoeial purity and are used where the oil will contact skin, food or pharmaceuticals.
Polysorbate 20
Polysorbate 20 (CAS 9005-64-5, INCI Polysorbate 20) is a non-ionic solubiliser made from sorbitol and lauric acid. Its high HLB of about 16.7 is what lets it carry fragrance and essential oils into clear water-based products.
Polysorbate 60
Polysorbate 60 (CAS 9005-67-8, INCI Polysorbate 60) is a non-ionic emulsifier based on stearic acid, with an HLB of about 14.9. Unlike the solubiliser grades it is used to build stable opaque oil-in-water creams and lotions.
Polysorbate 80
Polysorbate 80 (CAS 9005-65-6, INCI Polysorbate 80) is a non-ionic solubiliser based on oleic acid, with an HLB near 15.0. Its longer unsaturated chain suits heavier oils that Polysorbate 20 cannot hold in clear solution.
Cyanocobalamin
Cyanocobalamin is the synthetic, most stable form of vitamin B12, carrying a cyanide group at the cobalt centre. The body must convert it to an active coenzyme form before it can be used.
Mecobalamin
Mecobalamin, methylcobalamin, is one of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 the body actually uses. It is the cofactor for methionine synthase, which is why it is specified where methylation support is the objective.
Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin is the injectable form of vitamin B12 and, at high dose, the standard antidote for cyanide poisoning. It binds cyanide directly at its cobalt centre to form cyanocobalamin, which is excreted.
Cobamamide
Cobamamide, adenosylcobalamin, is the second coenzyme form of vitamin B12 and the one that predominates inside cells. It is the cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, a mitochondrial rather than cytosolic enzyme.
L-Phenylalanine
L-phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid, produced by fermentation. Its largest single industrial use is as one of the two amino acids from which aspartame is synthesised.
Acarbose
Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used to control post-meal blood glucose. It works entirely within the gut, blocking the enzymes that break starch into absorbable sugar, rather than acting systemically.
Ubidecenone
Listed here as Ubidecenone, this material is ubidecarenone, the INN for coenzyme Q10 (CAS 303-98-0). It is the lipid-soluble electron carrier of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and a well-established antioxidant.
Sodium Gluconate
Sodium gluconate (CAS 527-07-1) is a chelating agent that keeps working in strong alkali, where EDTA and phosphates fail. That single property makes it the standard sequestrant for caustic cleaning and bottle washing.
Lysine
Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in pig and poultry diets built on cereals. Supplementing it lets a formulator cut total crude protein, which reduces feed cost and nitrogen excretion at the same time.
Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)
Dibutyl phthalate, DBP (CAS 84-74-2), is a low molecular weight phthalate with strong solvating power. It is classified as toxic for reproduction in the EU and requires authorisation under REACH.
Dioctyl Adipate (DOA)
Dioctyl adipate, DOA (CAS 103-23-1), is an aliphatic rather than aromatic plasticiser. Its flexible straight-chain backbone is what gives PVC genuine low-temperature performance, down to around minus 40 degrees Celsius.
Trioctyl Trimellitate (TOTM)
Trioctyl trimellitate, TOTM (CAS 3319-31-1), carries three ester groups instead of two, which raises its molecular weight sharply. That is what makes it the plasticiser for cable rated to continuous high temperature.
Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP)
Diisononyl phthalate, DINP (CAS 28553-12-0), is a high molecular weight phthalate. Its larger branched chains make it far less migratory than DOP and it is not classified as a reproductive toxicant, though toy use is restricted.
Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP)
Dioctyl phthalate, DOP or DEHP (CAS 117-81-7), was the benchmark PVC plasticiser for decades. It is classified as toxic for reproduction in the EU and is on the REACH authorisation list, so use requires authorisation.
Jasmine Sambac Botanical Extract
Jasmine sambac botanical extract is prepared from the flowers of Jasminum sambac, the Arabian jasmine. It is supplied as a solubilised extract for skin care and fragrance, distinct from the floral wax recovered from the same processing.
Michelia Alba Botanical Extract
Michelia alba botanical extract is prepared from the flowers of Michelia alba, the white champaca. It is supplied as a solubilised extract carrying the flower's fresh, green, tea-like character into skin and hair formulations.
Osmanthus Botanical Extract
Osmanthus botanical extract is prepared from the flowers of Osmanthus fragrans, the sweet olive. Supplied as a solubilised extract for skin care, it carries the flower's characteristic apricot and tea-like character in a formulation-ready form.
Citrus Aurantium Botanical Extract
Citrus aurantium botanical extract comes from the bitter orange tree, the single plant that yields neroli from its blossom, petitgrain from its leaves and bitter orange oil from its peel. Grade therefore depends entirely on the part used.
Gardenia Jasminoides Botanical Extract
Gardenia jasminoides botanical extract is prepared from the flower or fruit of the cape jasmine. The fruit is also the source of gardenia blue and yellow, natural colourants used where synthetic dyes are not acceptable.
DPM - Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether, DPM, is the two-unit homologue of PM. Doubling the glycol backbone raises the boiling point sharply while keeping full water miscibility, which makes it a slow-evaporating coupling solvent.
DPMA - Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate
Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, DPMA, is the acetate of DPM. It has no active hydrogen, so it is usable in two-pack polyurethane systems, and its high boiling point makes it a very slow tail solvent.
EE - Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether(EGME)
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, EE or 2-ethoxyethanol (CAS 110-80-5), is the ethyl homologue of EM. It shares the same reproductive toxicity classification and restricted status, and has largely been replaced by propylene-series solvents.
DE - Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, DE or carbitol (CAS 111-90-0), is a high-boiling, fully water-miscible solvent. Under the INCI name Ethoxydiglycol it is also widely used as a penetration aid in cosmetics.
TE - Triethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, TE (CAS 112-50-5), combines a three-unit glycol backbone with an ethyl cap. It is a very high-boiling, water-miscible solvent used where volatility must be almost eliminated.
EM - Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, EM or 2-methoxyethanol (CAS 109-86-4), is the shortest E-series glycol ether. It is classified as a reproductive toxicant in the EU and its use is restricted, so supply is for permitted industrial uses only.
DM - Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, DM or methyl carbitol (CAS 111-77-3), is the two-unit ethylene homologue of EM. The second glycol unit raises the boiling point sharply and shifts it out of the restricted short-chain group.
TM - Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, TM (CAS 112-35-6), carries three glycol units and a single methyl cap. The extended backbone gives a very high boiling point, low volatility and strong hygroscopicity.
EGP - Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether
Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, EGP (CAS 2807-30-9), sits between the ethyl and butyl homologues. It offers a middle point on the ethylene-series ladder where EE is too weak a solvent and EB evaporates too slowly.
EB - Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, EB or butyl glycol (CAS 111-76-2), is the workhorse of the ethylene series. Unlike the short-chain methyl and ethyl homologues it is not classified as a reproductive toxicant, so it remains in wide use.
DB - Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, DB or butyl carbitol (CAS 112-34-5), pairs a two-unit backbone with a butyl cap. Very high boiling and fully water miscible, it is the standard coupling solvent for heavy-duty cleaners.
TB - Triethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether
Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, TB (CAS 143-22-6), pairs a three-unit backbone with a butyl cap. It offers the strongest solvency of the triethylene mono-ethers while remaining water miscible and effectively non-volatile.
EDM - Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether(DME)
Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, EDM or monoglyme (CAS 110-71-4), has methyl groups on both ends, so it carries no hydroxyl at all. That makes it aprotic, which is why it is used with reagents that any alcohol would destroy.
DEDM - Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, DEDM or diglyme (CAS 111-96-6), is a high-boiling aprotic solvent that chelates metal cations strongly. It is classified as a reproductive toxicant in the EU and is subject to authorisation.
TEDM - Triethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, TEDM or triglyme (CAS 112-49-2), has four ether oxygens on an open chain and no hydroxyl. That gives it exceptional cation-chelating power at a high boiling point.
TETREDM - Tetraethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, TETREDM or tetraglyme (CAS 143-24-8), is the longest common glyme, with five ether oxygens. It combines the strongest cation solvation in the series with a boiling point above 275 degrees.
DEDE - Diethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether
Diethylene glycol diethyl ether, DEDE (CAS 112-36-7), is the ethyl-capped analogue of diglyme. It is aprotic and high-boiling, with lower water miscibility than the dimethyl ether and a different regulatory position.
DEME - Diethylene Glycol Methyl Ethyl Ether
Diethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, DEME (CAS 1002-67-1), is capped with a methyl group at one end and an ethyl at the other. That asymmetry gives properties between diglyme and the diethyl ether without blending two solvents.
NHD - Polyethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
Polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, NHD (CAS 24991-55-7), is the physical solvent used to scrub carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide from gas streams. It absorbs acid gases under pressure and releases them when pressure drops.
MPEG - Polyethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, MPEG (CAS 9004-74-4), is a polymer capped at one end and left with a single reactive hydroxyl at the other. That asymmetry is what makes controlled PEGylation and surfactant synthesis possible.
CAC - Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, CAC (CAS 111-15-9), is the acetate of EE. It carries the same reproductive toxicity classification as its parent alcohol, because the ester hydrolyses back to it in the body.
DCAC - Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, DCAC or carbitol acetate (CAS 112-15-2), is the acetate of DE. It is a slow, high-boiling, hydroxyl-free solvent used as a retarder and flow aid in coatings and inks.
BAC - Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate
Butyl glycol acetate, BAC (CAS 112-07-2), is EB with its hydroxyl esterified. Removing that active hydrogen makes it usable in two-pack polyurethane systems where a free alcohol would react with the isocyanate.
DBAC - Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, DBAC (CAS 124-17-4), is the acetate of DB. With no active hydrogen and a very high boiling point, it is among the slowest solvents available for two-pack polyurethane systems.
PM - Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether, PM (CAS 107-98-2), is the most widely used P-series glycol ether. Commercial grade is over 99.5 percent alpha isomer, because it is the minor beta isomer that carries the toxicological concern.
PE - Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Propylene glycol monoethyl ether, PE (CAS 1569-02-4), is the ethyl member of the P-series. It gives stronger resin solvency than PM while keeping the favourable toxicological profile that distinguishes propylene-series ethers.
DPE - Dipropylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, DPE (CAS 30025-38-8), pairs a two-unit glycol backbone with an ethyl cap. It is a high-boiling, low-odour, water-miscible solvent widely accepted in consumer cleaning products.
PNB - Propylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether
Propylene glycol monobutyl ether, PnB (CAS 5131-66-8), is the strongest solvent in the single-unit propylene series. Its slow evaporation makes it a tail solvent, staying in the film to aid flow after faster solvents have gone.
DPNB - Dipropylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether
Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, DPnB (CAS 29911-28-2), is among the most widely specified coalescents in architectural paint. Its strong polymer affinity and very slow evaporation make it effective at low addition.
PNP - Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether
Propylene glycol monopropyl ether, PnP (CAS 1569-01-3), combines full water miscibility with strong solvency for oils and greases. That pairing makes it a standard coupling solvent in water-based cleaning formulations.
DPNP - Dipropylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether
Dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether, DPnP (CAS 29911-27-1), combines a two-unit backbone with a propyl cap. It is a slow-evaporating coalescent that stays in a latex film long enough to complete polymer fusion.
DPDM - Dipropylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
Dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, DPDM, is capped with methyl groups at both ends, so it carries no hydroxyl. It is a high-boiling aprotic solvent used where an active hydrogen would interfere with the chemistry.
PMA - Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, PMA or PGMEA (CAS 108-65-6), is the standard solvent of the semiconductor industry. It is the carrier and developer solvent for photoresists, where purity is specified in parts per billion.
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol Monoisobutyrate
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (CAS 25265-77-4) is the standard coalescent for latex paint. It has a free hydroxyl at one end and an ester at the other, which is what gives it its balance of water and polymer affinity.
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol Diisobutyrate
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (CAS 6846-50-0) is the di-ester version, with both hydroxyls capped. Having no free hydroxyl it does not evaporate out, so it acts as a permanent plasticiser rather than a coalescent.
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphoric acid (CAS 7664-38-2) is the parent compound of every phosphate salt in the catalogue. A triprotic acid supplied at 75 to 85 percent, it is used directly for metal phosphating, descaling and as a rust converter.
Trisodium Phosphate
Trisodium phosphate, TSP (CAS 7601-54-9), is the fully neutralised sodium phosphate and the most alkaline of the series, dissolving to around pH 12. It is a powerful degreaser and the traditional pre-paint surface cleaner.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP)
Sodium hexametaphosphate, SHMP (CAS 10124-56-8), is a glassy polyphosphate that sequesters calcium and magnesium extremely strongly. It is the standard threshold scale inhibitor in cooling water and the deflocculant in ceramic slips.
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate (DKP)
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, DKP (CAS 7758-11-4), is the alkaline potassium phosphate. In industry it supplies both potassium and phosphorus in a single soluble salt, which suits fertigation and fermentation media.
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (MKP)
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, MKP (CAS 7778-77-0), is the 0-52-34 soluble fertiliser, supplying phosphorus and potassium with no nitrogen at all. That makes it the standard choice for flowering and fruiting stages.
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate (DSP)
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, DSP (CAS 7558-79-4), is the middle sodium phosphate, alkaline at around pH 9. In industry it is a buffer, a detergent builder and a boiler water treatment that prevents hard scale.
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (MSP)
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, MSP (CAS 7558-80-7), is the acidic sodium phosphate, dissolving to around pH 4.5. It is the acid half of the phosphate buffer pair and a mild acidulant for industrial processes.
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate (TSPP)
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, TSPP (CAS 7722-88-5), is the simplest condensed phosphate, formed by joining two phosphate units. Alkaline and strongly dispersing, it is used as a detergent builder and a drilling mud thinner.
Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP)
Monoammonium phosphate, MAP (CAS 7722-76-1), is the 11-52-0 fertiliser grade with the highest phosphorus content of the common straight phosphates. It is also the active powder in ABC dry chemical fire extinguishers.
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP)
Diammonium phosphate, DAP (CAS 7783-28-0), is the 18-46-0 fertiliser and the most traded phosphate fertiliser in the world. Unlike MAP it dissolves to an alkaline solution, which matters on high-pH soils.
Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP)
Dicalcium phosphate, DCP (CAS 7757-93-9), is a white insoluble powder supplying calcium and phosphorus in roughly the ratio bone uses them. Its largest market is animal feed, where it is the standard mineral supplement.
Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)
Tricalcium phosphate, TCP (CAS 7758-87-4), is a very fine insoluble powder with a high specific surface area. That surface area is what makes it one of the most effective anticaking agents available for hygroscopic powders.
Manganese Sulfate
Manganese sulfate (CAS 7785-87-7) supplies manganese, an essential micronutrient required in the photosynthetic complex that splits water. Deficiency shows as interveinal chlorosis on young leaves, unlike magnesium deficiency.
Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium sulfate, Epsom salt as the heptahydrate (CAS 10034-99-8), is the cheapest soluble magnesium source. Grade is selected by hydration state, since the heptahydrate and the monohydrate differ substantially in magnesium content.
Zinc Sulfate
Zinc sulfate (CAS 7733-02-0) supplies zinc, the micronutrient most often deficient in cereals worldwide. Zinc availability collapses on alkaline and high-phosphate soils, which is where correction is usually needed.
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium sulfate (CAS 7783-20-2) is a 21-0-0 fertiliser that supplies sulphur alongside nitrogen. Its acidifying reaction in soil is a genuine agronomic tool on alkaline ground and a drawback on already acid soils.
Copper Sulfate
Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CAS 7758-99-8) is the bright blue crystalline copper salt. It is an algaecide, a fungicide and the copper source in Bordeaux mixture, and it is highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates.
Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous
Sodium sulfate anhydrous (CAS 7757-82-6) is a chemically inert, non-hygroscopic white powder. It is used in enormous volume as a detergent filler and, in textile dyeing, to drive dye onto the fibre rather than leave it in the bath.
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium bisulfate (CAS 7681-38-1) is a dry acid: a solid salt that dissolves to give a strongly acidic solution near pH 1. It replaces liquid mineral acid wherever handling concentrated acid is the thing to avoid.
Alum
Alum, aluminium sulfate (CAS 10043-01-3), is the classic coagulant of municipal water treatment. Dosed into raw water it hydrolyses to aluminium hydroxide floc, which sweeps suspended solids and colour out of suspension.
Ferrous Sulfate
Ferrous sulfate (CAS 7720-78-7) is iron in the reduced divalent state, which is what makes it useful. It reduces hexavalent chromium in cement to the harmless trivalent form, preventing chromate contact dermatitis in workers.
Sodium Metabisulfite
Sodium metabisulfite (CAS 7681-57-4) is the solid, more stable and more concentrated form of the bisulfite chemistry. It is preferred where a dry material is easier to ship and store than a bulk sulfite solution.
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium thiosulfate (CAS 7772-98-7) is the classic photographic fixer, hypo, and a fast dechlorinating agent. It also reacts with cyanide to form far less toxic thiocyanate, which is the basis of its medical use as an antidote.
Sodium Sulfite Anhydrous
Sodium sulfite anhydrous (CAS 7757-83-7) is the neutral-to-alkaline member of the sulfite family. It scavenges oxygen without driving pH down, which is why it is the boiler feedwater choice where acidity would corrode.
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium bisulfite (CAS 7631-90-5) is a reducing agent and oxygen scavenger, supplied as a solution or solid. Its largest single use is dechlorinating water ahead of reverse osmosis membranes, which chlorine destroys.
Potassium Nitrate
Potassium nitrate (CAS 7757-79-1), traditionally saltpetre, is a 13-0-46 fertiliser carrying potassium with no chloride. That matters for chloride-sensitive crops such as tobacco, grapes, potatoes and most fruit.
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium nitrate (CAS 6484-52-2) is a 34-0-0 nitrogen fertiliser supplying nitrate and ammonium nitrogen together. It is a strong oxidiser and a security-controlled substance in most jurisdictions, so supply is regulated.
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium nitrate (CAS 7631-99-4), historically Chile saltpetre, was the world's original nitrogen fertiliser before synthetic ammonia. It remains in use as a fast-acting nitrate source and as a component of molten heat-transfer salts.
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium nitrate (CAS 10124-37-5) is the only common fertiliser supplying calcium in fully water-soluble form. It is the standard remedy for blossom end rot and tip burn, which are calcium-transport rather than calcium-supply failures.
Magnesium Nitrate
Magnesium nitrate (CAS 10377-60-3) supplies magnesium in fully soluble nitrate form. Magnesium sits at the centre of the chlorophyll molecule, so a deficiency shows directly as interveinal yellowing on older leaves.
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium nitrite (CAS 7632-00-0) is the nitrite rather than nitrate salt, and the difference is chemically large. It is a reducing and diazotising agent, a potent corrosion inhibitor, and acutely toxic at low doses.
Calcium Magnesium Nitrate
Calcium magnesium nitrate supplies calcium, magnesium and nitrate nitrogen in one soluble salt. Combining the two cations avoids the antagonism that occurs when calcium and magnesium are applied from separate sources.
MPG - Mono Propylene Glycol
Mono propylene glycol, MPG (CAS 57-55-6, EINECS 200-338-0), does much the same job as MEG but without the toxicity. That single difference is why it, not MEG, is used anywhere near food, people or animals.
DPG - Dipropylene Glycol
Dipropylene glycol, DPG (CAS 25265-71-8, EINECS 246-770-3), is the standard diluent of the fragrance industry. It is almost odourless, low in toxicity and dissolves both fragrance oils and water-soluble materials.
DEG - Diethylene Glycol
Diethylene glycol, DEG (CAS 111-46-6), is a hygroscopic solvent and polyester intermediate. It is acutely nephrotoxic, and its historical substitution for glycerine and propylene glycol in medicines has caused repeated mass poisonings.
Sorbitol
Sorbitol liquid (CAS 50-70-4) is a 70 percent solution of the six-carbon polyol. Industrially it is the starting material for vitamin C manufacture and a polyol for polyurethane, as much as a humectant.
MEG - Mono Ethylene Glycol
Mono ethylene glycol, MEG (CAS 107-21-1), is consumed in far greater volume for polyester manufacture than for antifreeze. It is the diol half of PET, the polymer in every drinks bottle and polyester fibre.
Glycerine
Glycerine (CAS 56-81-5) is a trihydric alcohol recovered as the co-product of soap making and biodiesel. Industrially it is a polyol building block for alkyd and polyurethane resins as much as a humectant.
Ethylene Glycol Tert-Butyl Ether
Ethylene glycol tert-butyl ether (CAS 7580-85-0) carries a branched tertiary butyl group rather than a straight chain. That branching lowers its boiling point and changes its solvency relative to the linear butyl isomer, EB.
Sorbitol Powder
Sorbitol powder (CAS 50-70-4) is the crystalline form of the polyol, used where a dry, free-flowing, directly compressible solid is required rather than a syrup. Crystallising it also makes it far less hygroscopic.
PVA 88 - Polyvinyl Alcohol
PVA 88 (CAS 9002-89-5) is polyvinyl alcohol hydrolysed to about 88 percent, leaving roughly one acetate group in eight. Those residual acetates are what make it soluble in cold water, unlike the fully hydrolysed grade.
PVA 99 - Polyvinyl Alcohol
PVA 99 (CAS 9002-89-5) is polyvinyl alcohol hydrolysed to about 99 percent. The near-complete removal of acetate groups lets the chains crystallise, giving higher tensile strength and far better resistance to oil and solvent.
Oxalic Acid
Oxalic acid (CAS 144-62-7) is the strongest common organic acid and a powerful reducing agent. It removes iron stains by chelating iron into a soluble complex, which is why it bleaches wood and cleans rust marks.
Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)
Sodium carbonate (CAS 497-19-8), soda ash, is consumed in greater tonnage by glass manufacture than by every other use combined. It lowers the melting point of silica from about 1,700 to nearer 1,000 degrees Celsius.
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate (CAS 1066-33-7) decomposes completely to gas at modest temperature, leaving no solid residue at all. That makes it a chemical blowing agent for foamed rubber, plastics and ceramics.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SLS)
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (CAS 151-21-3) is the standard laboratory anionic detergent as well as an industrial surfactant. In SDS-PAGE it denatures proteins and coats them with uniform negative charge so they separate purely by size.
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate (CAS 144-55-8) is used industrially as a dry sorbent and a mild abrasive. Injected into hot flue gas it decomposes into a highly porous soda that captures sulphur dioxide and hydrogen chloride.
Sodium Metasilicate
Sodium metasilicate is a strongly alkaline silicate that protects aluminium while cleaning it. The silicate deposits a thin film on the metal surface, which is why alkaline aluminium cleaners contain it and plain caustic cannot be used.
Sulfamic Acid
Sulfamic acid (CAS 5329-14-6) is a solid, non-volatile strong acid used for descaling. Unlike hydrochloric acid it contains no chloride, so it can be used on stainless steel without risking chloride stress corrosion cracking.
Sodium Citrate
Sodium citrate (CAS 68-04-2) is the neutral salt of citric acid, used industrially as a sequestrant and buffer where free acid would attack the substrate. It chelates without dropping pH.
Citric Acid
Citric acid (CAS 77-92-9) is used industrially as a chelating agent rather than as an acidulant. It binds calcium, iron and copper into soluble complexes, which is the basis of its use in descaling and metal passivation.
Sodium Acetate
Sodium acetate (CAS 127-09-3) is the salt behind reusable heat pads. A supersaturated solution stays liquid far below its freezing point, then crystallises on a trigger and releases the stored heat.
Sodium Benzoate
Sodium benzoate (CAS 532-32-1) is a vapour-phase and contact corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metals. In engine coolants and hydraulic fluids it passivates steel surfaces at low dose without the toxicity of chromate inhibitors.
Benzoic Acid
Benzoic acid (CAS 65-85-0) is used industrially as a chemical intermediate and corrosion inhibitor rather than as a preservative. It is the feedstock for phenol, caprolactam and benzoate plasticisers.
Potassium Benzoate
Potassium benzoate (CAS 582-25-2) delivers the same benzoate chemistry as the sodium salt without contributing sodium. It is specified where sodium would raise conductivity or interfere with the system being protected.
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium carbonate (CAS 584-08-7), potash, is the reagent behind the hot potassium carbonate process for removing carbon dioxide from industrial gas streams at high pressure and temperature.
Sodium Propionate
Sodium propionate (CAS 137-40-6) is the more soluble propionate salt, which suits liquid dosing and spray application. It is used where a calcium contribution would be unwanted or would disturb a formulation.
Ammonium Propionate
Ammonium propionate (CAS 17496-08-1) is supplied as a solution rather than a powder because it is deliquescent. It preserves high-moisture grain while contributing non-protein nitrogen that rumen microbes can use.
Calcium Acetate
Calcium acetate (CAS 62-54-4) is used industrially as a chloride-free concrete set accelerator, a phosphate binder, and the agent that gels alcohol into the solid fuel burned in chafing dish heaters.
Calcium Propionate
Calcium propionate (CAS 4075-81-4) is used industrially as a mould inhibitor in animal feed and stored grain. It also acts as a mild set retarder and corrosion inhibitor in concrete formulations.
Potassium Acetate
Potassium acetate (CAS 127-08-2) is the standard runway and aircraft de-icer. Unlike chloride de-icers it does not corrode aluminium airframes or attack the carbon brake assemblies that chlorides destroy.
Zinc Acetate
Zinc acetate (CAS 557-34-6) is a soluble zinc salt used as a crosslinker, mordant and wood preservative. Its solubility in both water and organic solvents sets it apart from the oxide and carbonate.
Sodium Dehydroacetate
Sodium dehydroacetate (CAS 4418-26-2, INCI Sodium Dehydroacetate) is a broad-spectrum cosmetic preservative that stays active at near-neutral pH, where benzoate and sorbate have largely stopped working.
Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC)
Polyaluminium chloride, PAC (CAS 1327-41-9), is a pre-hydrolysed aluminium coagulant. Because the hydrolysis is done during manufacture rather than in the water, it works across a wider pH range and consumes far less alkalinity than alum.
Borax
Borax (CAS 1303-96-4) is sodium tetraborate, the buffering and fluxing borate. It is classified as a reproductive toxicant in the EU, which has restricted its consumer use without affecting its industrial position.
Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Cationic polyacrylamide, CPAM, is a high molecular weight flocculant that works by bridging rather than charge neutralisation. Its long chains adsorb onto several particles at once and pull them into large, shear-resistant flocs.
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (CAS 1305-62-0), hydrated or slaked lime, is the cheapest bulk alkali available. It is only slightly soluble, which is precisely what makes lime slurry a self-buffering pH control reagent.
Phosphorus Remover
Phosphorus remover is a metal salt coagulant dosed to precipitate dissolved phosphate out of wastewater. Consent limits are typically set at 1 mg/l or below, which biological treatment alone rarely achieves.
Plant-Based Odour Remover
Plant-based odour remover uses essential oil constituents that bind or chemically neutralise odour molecules rather than covering them with fragrance. It acts immediately, where a microbial product takes days to establish.
Microbial Odour Remover
Microbial odour remover is a bioaugmentation product containing selected bacterial cultures and nutrients. It does not mask odour; the organisms degrade the compounds producing it, so the source is removed rather than covered.
Calcium Chloride
Calcium chloride (CAS 10043-52-4) dissolves with a strong exothermic reaction, releasing heat rather than absorbing it. That is why it melts ice faster than salt and keeps working at far lower temperatures.
Soft Water Salt
Soft water salt is high-purity sodium chloride (CAS 7647-14-5) supplied as tablets, granules or blocks. It does not soften water itself; it regenerates the ion exchange resin that does, by driving calcium and magnesium off it.
Glucose
Glucose (CAS 50-99-7) is used industrially as a fermentation feedstock and as a reducing agent. In electroless and mirror silvering it reduces silver ions to metal, depositing a coherent film without any electric current.
Caustic Soda Pearls
Caustic soda pearls (CAS 1310-73-2) are sodium hydroxide in small spherical beads at 99 percent minimum. The round form flows freely, generates far less dust than flakes and cakes more slowly on storage.
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide (CAS 1310-58-3), caustic potash, is the potassium analogue of caustic soda. The difference in cation matters: potassium soaps are soft and soluble where sodium soaps are hard.
Maltodextrin
Maltodextrin (CAS 9050-36-6) is starch hydrolysed to a dextrose equivalent below 20. Industrially it is bought as a carrier and encapsulating wall material rather than as a sweetener, because it is bland and film-forming.
Activated Carbon
Activated carbon is carbon processed to develop an enormous internal pore network, commonly 500 to 1,500 square metres of surface area per gram. Adsorption happens on that internal surface, so grade is specified by pore structure.
Bone Glue
Bone glue is animal collagen hydrolysed further than gelatine, giving lower gel strength and a darker colour. It remains in use in furniture restoration because the joint it makes is reversible with heat and moisture.
Gelatine
Gelatine (CAS 9000-70-8) is partially hydrolysed collagen, graded by Bloom strength. Its industrial uses depend on its ability to form a thermoreversible gel and to adsorb strongly onto surfaces and crystals.
Xanthan Gum
Xanthan gum (CAS 11138-66-2) is used industrially for its shear-thinning behaviour and its tolerance of salt. In drilling fluids it suspends cuttings at rest yet thins under the pump, which is exactly what a mud must do.
Zinc Chloride
Zinc chloride (CAS 7646-85-7) is the active ingredient of soldering flux. It dissolves the oxide film on a metal surface at soldering temperature so the molten solder can wet the bare metal underneath.
Zinc Oxide
Zinc oxide (CAS 1314-13-2) is consumed in greater tonnage by the rubber industry than by all its other uses combined. It activates the sulphur vulcanisation system, without which accelerators barely work at all.
Alkyl Polyglucoside (APG)
Alkyl polyglucoside (CAS 68515-73-1, INCI Coco-Glucoside) is the rare non-ionic surfactant that stays effective in strong caustic. That alkali stability is why it is specified in heavy-duty and CIP cleaning formulations.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
Polydimethylsiloxane (CAS 63148-62-9) is the basic silicone fluid, built on a silicon-oxygen backbone rather than a carbon one. That backbone is what gives it thermal stability and a viscosity that barely changes with temperature.
Isobornyl Acetate
Isobornyl acetate (CAS 125-12-2) is a terpene ester with a clean, fresh pine and camphor odour. It is the standard synthetic replacement for pine needle oil in functional fragrance, where cost and stability rule out the natural.
Calcium Fluoride
Calcium fluoride (CAS 7789-75-5) is the raw material behind essentially every fluorine compound in commerce. Acid grade fluorspar at over 97 percent CaF2 is converted to hydrogen fluoride, and everything fluorinated follows from that.
Fluorite (Fluorspar)
Fluorite, traded as fluorspar, is the mineral form of calcium fluoride. It is sold in two grades that are not interchangeable: acid grade above 97 percent for chemical conversion, metallurgical grade for steel fluxing.
Perlite Ore Sand
Perlite ore is a volcanic glass containing bound water. Heated rapidly past 850 degrees Celsius that water flashes to steam and expands the softened glass up to twenty times, producing a lightweight cellular particle.
Plasticiser
Plasticiser is a class rather than a single product, covering phthalates, terephthalates, adipates, trimellitates and bio-based esters. Selection is a trade-off between efficiency, permanence, cold flexibility and regulatory status.
Sulfur
Sulfur (CAS 7704-34-9) is almost entirely a recovered by-product now, stripped from natural gas and crude oil to meet emissions law. Around 85 percent of world output goes straight into sulphuric acid.
MEA - Monoethanolamine
Monoethanolamine, MEA (CAS 141-43-5), is the benchmark solvent for post-combustion carbon capture. It reacts chemically with carbon dioxide at low partial pressure, where physical solvents cannot absorb enough to be useful.
DEA - Diethanolamine
Diethanolamine, DEA (CAS 111-42-2), is a secondary amine used in gas treating and as a surfactant intermediate. Its position in personal care has narrowed sharply because secondary amines can form nitrosamines.
Propylene Carbonate (PC)
Propylene carbonate (CAS 108-32-7, EINECS 203-572-1) is a polar aprotic solvent with an unusually high dielectric constant. It is readily biodegradable and low in toxicity, which is why it displaces solvents such as NMP.
DOTP - Dioctyl Terephthalate
Dioctyl terephthalate, DOTP (CAS 6422-86-2), is the direct non-phthalate replacement for DOP. It is chemically an isomer, differing only in where the two ester groups sit on the benzene ring, but it is not a phthalate.
Sericin Powder
Sericin (CAS 60650-88-6) is the gum protein that binds silk fibres together in the cocoon, and it is removed during degumming. Recovering it turns what was an effluent stream into a hydrophilic cosmetic protein.
Silk Amino Acids
Silk amino acids (CAS 96690-41-4, INCI Hydrolyzed Silk) are silk protein broken down completely to free amino acids. At the lowest molecular weight of the silk range, they act as humectants rather than film formers.
Silk Peptide
Silk peptide (CAS 96690-41-4, INCI Hydrolyzed Silk) is silk protein hydrolysed only partway, leaving short chains rather than free amino acids. That intermediate size is what allows it to form a film while staying soluble.
Silk Powder
Silk powder (INCI Silk Powder) is intact fibroin micronised rather than hydrolysed, so it is insoluble. It works optically and by touch, scattering light to soften the appearance of fine lines and giving a dry, silky slip.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI)
Sodium cocoyl isethionate (CAS 61789-32-0) is a crystalline anionic surfactant, which is what allows a cleansing bar to be pressed at all. Liquid surfactants cannot hold bar structure; SCI can.
Sodium Hyaluronate
Sodium hyaluronate (CAS 9067-32-7, INCI Sodium Hyaluronate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, supplied as a white powder. Molecular weight, not purity, is what separates one grade from another.
Coconut Oil
Coconut oil (INCI Cocos Nucifera Oil) is a highly saturated lauric oil used in cosmetics as an emollient and cleansing base. Its small lauric molecules penetrate hair more readily than most oils, which is the basis of its use in hair care.
Rapeseed Oil
Rapeseed oil (INCI Brassica Campestris Oil) is a light, high-oleic emollient with the lowest saturated content of the common cosmetic oils. It absorbs quickly and is used where a vegetable oil is wanted without a heavy residual film.
Castor Oil
Castor oil (INCI Ricinus Communis Seed Oil) is the polar oil that makes lipstick work. Its ricinoleic acid content wets and disperses pigment that non-polar oils leave clumped, and gives the wet, high-gloss film of the category.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (Castor Wax)
Hydrogenated castor oil (INCI Hydrogenated Castor Oil) is unusual among waxes in retaining free hydroxyl groups. Those groups hydrogen-bond to one another, so very small additions gel an oil phase and stop pigments settling.
PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil
PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (INCI PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil) is a high-HLB solubiliser. It forms micelles too small to scatter light, which is what keeps a fragranced water-based product completely clear rather than cloudy.
Palm Kernel Olein
Palm kernel olein is the liquid lauric fraction of palm kernel oil, with a cloud point of 8 to 12 degrees Celsius. Staying fluid at room temperature is what makes it usable in liquid soaps, shampoos and lotions without melting.
Palm Kernel Stearin
Palm kernel stearin is the hard lauric fraction of palm kernel oil. In personal care it is the base for syndet and toilet soap bases requiring fast lather, and the raw material for C12 to C14 surfactant chains.
Palm Stearin
Palm stearin is the hard palm fraction used in personal care as a soap hardstock and a structuring fat. Its saturated palmitic chains produce an opaque, slow-wearing bar with low moisture pickup.
Beeswax
Beeswax (INCI Cera Alba or Cera Flava by grade) is used in cosmetic formulation as a structuring and occlusive wax. At 5 to 20 percent it sets a balm or stick; at lower levels it thickens emulsions and stabilises the oil phase.
Synthetic Beeswax
Synthetic beeswax (INCI Synthetic Beeswax) reproduces the ester profile and working behaviour of natural beeswax to a fixed specification. It carries no honey aroma, which matters where a fragrance brief has to stay clean.
Synthetic Vegan Beeswax
Synthetic vegan beeswax (INCI Synthetic Beeswax) matches the structuring behaviour of beeswax using only non-animal feedstocks throughout, so the finished product can carry a vegan claim without a supply-chain caveat.
Carnauba Wax
Carnauba wax (INCI Copernicia Cerifera Cera) is used in cosmetic formulation where maximum hardness and gloss are required. A few percent raises the melting point of a stick appreciably and gives mascara and lipstick their shine.
Candelilla Wax
Candelilla wax (INCI Euphorbia Cerifera Cera) is the vegan structuring wax of choice in colour cosmetics. It is roughly twice as hard as beeswax at equal addition, so substitution is made at about half to two thirds the quantity.
Rice Bran Wax
Rice bran wax (INCI Oryza Sativa Cera) is specified in cosmetics as a vegan oleogelator. At 2 to 4 percent it turns a liquid oil into a self-supporting gel, which is how anhydrous balms are built without hydrogenated fats.
Sugarcane Wax
Sugarcane wax (INCI Saccharum Officinarum Cera) is used in cosmetics as a plant-derived alternative to carnauba. Its higher unsaponifiable content gives a softer, more cushioned feel than carnauba at comparable hardness and gloss.
Sumac Wax
Sumac wax (INCI Rhus Succedanea Fruit Cera) is chemically a triglyceride rather than a true wax, which makes it soft and tacky. Formulators use that stickiness deliberately for cling and adhesion in pomades, balms and lip products.
Sunflower Wax
Sunflower wax (INCI Helianthus Annuus Seed Cera) is the most efficient natural oil structurant in cosmetic use, forming a firm gel at only 2 to 3 percent. It gives a cleaner, less draggy spread than harder waxes at equal firmness.
Coconut Wax
Coconut wax (INCI Hydrogenated Coconut Oil) melts at only 38 to 42 degrees Celsius, the softest of the vegetable structuring waxes. In cosmetics that low melt gives a balm that yields immediately to skin warmth rather than dragging.
Soy Wax
Soy wax (INCI Hydrogenated Soybean Oil) is used in cosmetic formulation as a soft plant-derived structuring fat. It melts close to skin temperature, so it gives body to a balm without the waxy drag a harder wax leaves behind.
Rapeseed Wax
Rapeseed wax (INCI Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil) is a soft vegan structuring wax with a European supply chain. In cosmetics it thickens anhydrous systems and stabilises emulsions without the occlusive heaviness of mineral waxes.
Palm Wax
Palm wax (INCI Hydrogenated Palm Oil) is a firm plant-derived structuring wax supplied in graded melting bands. In cosmetics it raises the melting point and hardness of sticks and balms and contributes opacity to anhydrous systems.
Jasmine Floral Wax
Jasmine floral wax is the wax fraction left when jasmine absolute is washed out of the concrete. In cosmetics it is used at a few percent as a fragrant structuring wax, carrying genuine flower volatiles rather than added fragrance.
Michelia Alba Floral Wax
Michelia alba floral wax is recovered during white champaca absolute production. In cosmetic use it lends structure to anhydrous bases along with a fresh, green, tea-like floral note quite unlike heavier white florals.
Osmanthus Floral Wax
Osmanthus floral wax is the wax fraction from osmanthus absolute production. Used at a few percent in balms and solid perfumes, it contributes both hardness and the flower's apricot and leather character.
Rose Centifolia Floral Wax
Rose centifolia floral wax is recovered during production of rose absolute. As a cosmetic ingredient it structures anhydrous bases while releasing a soft, honeyed rose note that warms out on skin rather than projecting.
Fully Refined Paraffin Wax
Fully refined paraffin wax (INCI Paraffin) is deoiled below 0.5 percent, which is the threshold for cosmetic use. In formulation it gives a firm, inert, odourless structure with none of the reactivity of a vegetable-derived wax.
Microcrystalline Wax
Microcrystalline wax (INCI Cera Microcristallina) is used in cosmetics for flexibility rather than hardness. Its small, irregular crystals give sticks resistance to snapping and hold oil that would otherwise sweat out of the base.
Glyceryl Stearate & PEG-100 Stearate
Glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 stearate (INCI as named) pairs a low-HLB and a high-HLB emulsifier. That combination holds across a broad range of oil phases without being matched to a specific oil, and gives a light, silky feel.
Cetearyl Alcohol & Polysorbate 60
Cetearyl alcohol and polysorbate 60 (INCI as named) is a self-emulsifying non-ionic system. Polysorbate 60 does the emulsifying, cetearyl alcohol stiffens the interfacial film and thickens, and neither builds a robust cream alone.
PEG-8 Beeswax
PEG-8 beeswax (INCI PEG-8 Beeswax) is beeswax with PEG chains grafted on, so it emulsifies as well as structures. It lets a cream be built around beeswax without the greasy weight of a traditional beeswax and borax system.
PEG-75 Lanolin
PEG-75 lanolin (INCI PEG-75 Lanolin) is lanolin ethoxylated until fully water-soluble. It deposits a light conditioning film from a rinse-off product without the cloudiness insoluble lanolin would cause in a clear formulation.
Lanolin Alcohol
Lanolin alcohol (INCI Lanolin Alcohol) is the sterol-rich fraction of lanolin. Its cholesterol content is one of the three lipid classes forming the skin's own barrier, which is why it is so well tolerated on damaged skin.
Soap Noodles
Soap noodles are semi-finished extruded soap bought by bar manufacturers who want to skip saponification and drying. Total fatty matter sets bar hardness; the palm to palm kernel ratio trades bar life against lather speed.
Palm Stearic Acid
Palm stearic acid is a graded blend of palmitic and stearic chains sold by titre, not a pure compound. In cosmetics it is the acid half of the stearic acid and triethanolamine pair that forms classic vanishing creams.
Refined Soybean Oil
Refined soybean oil is a polyunsaturated soft oil dominated by linoleic acid, supplied here for formulation enquiry. Its reactive unsaturation suits alkyd resins and epoxidation but limits its oxidative stability.
RBD Palm Olein
RBD palm olein is the liquid fraction of refined palm oil, graded by cloud point. Supplied here for formulation enquiry, its low polyunsaturate content is what gives it its long service life under heat.
Cocoa Butter Substitute (CBS)
Cocoa butter substitute is a lauric hard fat from hydrogenated palm kernel stearin, supplied here for formulation enquiry. It melts sharply near body temperature but is incompatible with cocoa butter above about five percent.
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Wax
Fischer-Tropsch wax is synthesised from carbon monoxide and hydrogen rather than refined from crude oil. The synthetic route gives long, highly linear chains, so it is harder and higher melting than an equivalent paraffin.